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To find an archived article, simply click on Index and scroll the subject titles, or do a Ctrl-F search

TALLRITE BLOG 
ARCHIVE

This archive, organized into months, contains all issues prior to the current week and the three preceding weeks, which are published in 
the main Tallrite Blog (www.tallrite.com/blog.htm).  
The first issue appeared on Sunday 14th July 2002

You can write to blog-at-tallrite-dot-com

January 2004
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ISSUE #62 - 4th January 2004

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ISSUE #63 - 11th January 2004

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ISSUE #64 - 18th January 2004

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ISSUE #65 - 25th January 2004

ISSUE #65 - 25th January 2004 [154]

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The Depravity of Suicide-Bombing

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Best Value Cars

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Flying Jokers

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Weapons of Math Instruction

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Are You Happy?

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Quotes of the Week

The Depravity of Suicide-Bombing

You see on the news such a succession of suicide bombers, be it in Israel/Palestine, Iraq, Kashmir, Moscow, Chechnya, Sri Lanka that to some extent, unless you are personally involved in some way, you can become inured to the horror of it.  Call it Suicide-Bomber Fatigue. 

But sometimes one of these outrages is so shocking that you are confronted anew with the utter depravity of the enterprise.   

It was brought home to me, once more, by the appalling suicide-bombing on 14th January of Reem al-Rayashi at Erez, which is a military checkpoint on the main crossing between Gaza and Israel. 

Reem came from one of the most wealthy families in the Gaza Strip, owners of the region's biggest car-battery factory whose main market is Israel.  There was none of the despair and grief that have prompted other suicide bombers.  

She was a woman of just 22, married to Ziyad Awad, five years her senior, and they had an eighteen-month old daughter and a son of three. Yet coldly and deliberately, she got herself trained up, and then went out and blew herself to pieces solely in order to kill and injure others.  Knowingly and avoidably she left behind two innocent, motherless tots.  

It is hard to imagine a more evil perverted deed.  

Yet the totality and context of the act are indeed even more evil and perverted.  

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Firstly, suicide-bombing is glorified amongst Palestinians.  
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Society holds martyrsin high regard; 

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most Muslim clerics teach that Islam permits suicide-bombing and that bombers are martyrs;  

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Sheikh Ahmed Yassim, wheelchair-ridden spiritual leader of Hamas, gave his personal blessing to Reem's attack (for which Israel will assassinate him);  

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Palestinian leaders such as the current Prime Minister Ahmed Qureia refuse to condemn such attacks;  

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schools worship the practice so much that martyrdom has become an ambition for Palestinian children;   

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and until the overthrow of Saddam, his $25,000 payment to each bomber's family was a cynical ploy to generate ever more volunteers.  

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Even non-Muslims sometimes join in the glorification from the safety of the West. 
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Sweden recently hosted a genocide conference which included an exhibit called Snow White and the Madness of Truth.  With a bootleg recording of Bach's Cantata Nbr 199 (Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut) playing in the background , this comprised a large basin filled with red fluid denoting Israeli blood, on which floated a boat carrying a pretty photo of a smiling Hanadi Jaradat, another female suicide bomber who killed 21 people in a Haifa restaurant last October.  

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British MP Jenny Tonge last week excused suicide bombers, blaming their acts on provocation, and added that she might become one  herself if she were a Palestinian (yeh, right.  And why not do it anyway - she doesn't need to be a Palestinian).  Even the PM's wife Cherie Blair has voiced similar sentiments.  

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Secondly, this glorification is focused very precisely and cynically at youngsters - teenagers and twenty-somethings.  For they, the seedcorn of a future Palestine, are expected by their elders to provide the suicide-bombers of today.  

As I've argued previously
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there is never a suggestion that, for example, a pensioner, who has lived a fulfilling life and is now past his working prime and becoming an economic burden, should abandon his grandchildren for an explosives belt.  

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In similar vein, those pro-suicide sheikhs and leaders never send out their own children.  

No, this is a glory reserved strictly for youngsters from the lower orders.  

How badly must you hate them.  

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Thirdly, training for suicide-bombers bears a lot of similarity to the behaviours of fanatical semi-religious cults such as scientology or the Moonies.  
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As trainees you are separated from friends, 

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you are taught new words, phrases and patterns of thought, 

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you are shown non-stop videos of Muslims dying, 

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your sleep is deprived,

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you are told continually that your family and friends are trying to hurt you.  

As with cults, the process gradually transforms you through five phases - deceit, dependency, debilitation, dread and desensitization

All designed to increase your hatred of and callousness towards not just your targets, but the world at large.   

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Fourthly, the vast majority of suicide victims are not Israeli soldiers or politicians (they are too well protected) but ordinary civilians - men, women and children, Jews, Muslims, Christians.  
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For example, Reem's bombing may have killed four military Israelis, but it injured nine more Muslim and Jewish civilians

If you're a bomber, you are an equal-opportunity hater.  

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Fifthly, Hamas selected the main Gaza/Israel crossing point for attack because thousands of Palestinians living in Gaza pour through each day to work in Israel.  This makes it one of the few symbols of peaceful co-existence in the area, a beacon of hope for the future.  So Hamas want to force Israel to close it.  
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Cutting off access to those jobs will increase Palestinian unemployment and so foment further misery and discontent, while boosting grass-roots support for Hamas and other militant movements.  

How badly must you hate your own countrymen?  

But that's not all.  

For further evil and perversion, there's the wretched Reem herself and her family. 

Her husband actually dropped her off on her mission.  She had told him that when he too blew himself up at some later date, as he had assured her he would, she would be waiting to welcome him to Paradise as one of the seventy houris”, or nymphs, that the Hadith holy book awards to each (male) martyr.  She was evidently unaware of the irony of departing this life as his sole wife only to stand up there in the heavenly clouds amongst 69 other nubile competitors for his dubious favours.  

But this romantic little vignette does not tell the whole sordid story, for other thoroughly distasteful factors, some say rumours, have emerged which may have played a part.  The excellent Not a Fish blog first alerted me.  

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It's said Reem's husband Ziad, a Hamas activitist, was in fact getting tired of her.  So when she suggested martyrdom in the hope he would dissuade her, to her dismay he in fact encouraged her.  

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Moreover, according to an Arab radio station, she was five months pregnant by her husband’s cousin (another Hamas activist), so knew she was going be murdered anyway to preservethe family honour.  Better to go out in style.  

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The Hebrew-language Yediot Ahronot weekly then reported that the cousin had been in on the deal - that it was he who recruited her and armed her with the explosives belt.  

Yet out of this, there is some dignity.  Like others before them, the four parents of the couple are appalled and outraged by what Reem has done, in no way condone it, are refusing condolences and hold husband Ziad primarily responsible.  And of course the two small children are blameless victims as much as those whom their mother's explosives, nails and and body-parts killed, injured or bereaved.  

Moreover, some Palestinian journalists are beginning to protest against the nihilism of suicide-bombing.  

But personally I blame Reem 100% for her depraved act.  No excuses, no dilution.  Ziad and cousin are also to be condemned for their wickedness and chicanery, but they didn't detonate the bomb.  She did.  

The whole suicide-bombing atmosphere that prevails among Palestinians and other Muslim groups and even some Christians is like a stinking rotting festering carcass surrounded by bluebottles.  But that is to denigrate bluebottles.  

Every individual has certain responsibilities in this life, and these have a strict hierarchy.  

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First, look after yourself, ensure you are no burden on anybody else.

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Second, look after your dependents, ensure they are no burden on anyone else.  

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Third, and only third, see what you can do to improve the lot of others in society.  

No-one has the slightest right to attempt the third unless and until the first and second are properly fulfilled.  By abandoning her toddlers, the further sin of the depraved Reem al-Rayashi was to do just that.  

May she not rest in peace.  

Back to Index

Best Value Cars

When you buy a car, what do you look for?  One whose value drops like a stone in its first three years or one which holds a lot of its value compared to other cars?  Obviously you want the one which holds its value. 

Wrong.  Well, wrong for some. 

It all depends on which stage of the car’s life cycle you choose to buy at.  We know that a brand new car loses maybe 15% of its value the moment you drive it from the showroom.  Nevertheless, we would want it to lose as little of its value as possible in its early years. 

On the other hand, if, for example, you’re buying a three year old vehicle, you will want it to have lost as much of its new value as possible so you can get it cheaply (provided it doesn’t continue to plummet after you have made your purchase). 

The Alliance and Leicester insurance group have just published a very interesting study of car prices and depreciation over one and three years.  It uses figures from the UK market (from What Car? magazine) but the findings are likely to be applicable anywhere in Europe. 

It tells you the best cars to buy new, after one year and after three years.  Also when it is the best time to sell particular cars (after one or three years) so as to minimise your loss. 

Below is a summary of the main findings identifying best buys.  In brackets is each car’s change in value expressed as that percentage which means most to your pocket, ie you want your car to retain a high value, but if buying second–hand you want one that has depreciated by a high amount. 

It is these percentages that provide the rankings.  In all cases you want the quoted % figure to be high. 


Category of Car

Buy when New
(value retained after three years, %)

Buy when 1 year old; sell when 3 years old
(value retained %)

Buy when 
3 years old 
(% price reduction compared to new)

City

Seat Arosa
(65%)

Fiat Seicento
(82%)

Suzuki Alto
(54%)

Supermini

VW Polo
(69%)

Nissan Micra
(77%)

Nissan Micra
(56%)

Small

VW Golf
(65%)

VW Golf
(89%)

Renault Megane
(56%)

Family

Volvo S/V40 Series
(66%)

Peugeot 406
(73%)

Renault Laguna
(69%)

MPV/4x4

Vauxhall Zafira
(65%)

Land Rover Freelander
(96%)

Renault Scenic
(49%)

Compact Executive

BMW 3 Series
(70%)

Rover 75
(86%)

Alfa Romeo 156
(49%)

Executive

BMW 5 Series
(60%)

Saab 9.5
(85%)

Vauxhall Omega
(65%)

Best Buy

BMW 5 Series
(60%)

Land Rover Freelander
(96%)

Renault Laguna
(69%)

The outstanding overall winner, in terms of preserving value, is the Land Rover Freelander.  Horrible as the car itself is, provided you buy it when it's one year old and sell it two years later, you will be out of pocket only to the tune of a paltry 4%.  

It's worth downloading and reading the whole report (PDF file of 205 kb).  

Back to Index

Flying Jokers

Here's a salutary tale about two young pranksters, one on each side of the Atlantic, with the same joke but quite different outcomes.

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Not long after a Delta Airlines Boeing 767-300 took off from Frankfurt on 18th January bound for Atlanta, a message was found in the toilet saying there was a bomb on board.  Wisely, the Captain, telling his passengers there was a medical emergency, made an unscheduled landing in Shannon, in Ireland.  

There the Irish police searched the plane and confirmed there was no bomb.  They also interviewed and fingerprinted all 147 passengers and crew for six hours, which identified an unnamed 19-year-old German student as the likely culprit.  They arrested him for endangering an aircraft” (which carries a life sentence), questioned him for 12 hours, but then simply let him go without even being charged.  

Wasting no time, he checked out of his hotel (not prison cell) and instead of continuing his journey to America, preferred for some reason to scuttle back home to Germany.  The police just seem glad he has gone away.  

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Meanwhile around the same time but on the other side of the Atlantic another joker, 21-year-old Polish/British student Samantha Morrison, was having her bags checked at Miami airport before flying back to the UK.  

Hey,she cried, be careful, I have three bombs in here”.  Three times she said it to the security personnel.  

Well, no-one joined in the merriment.   Instead she sparked a full-scale security alert and was immediately arrested, handcuffed and thrown into Miami-Dade County Jail for four nights, charged with making a false bomb report (maximum penalty fifteen years).  Within hours she found herself before a judge who set bail at $5,000 and 6th February to enter her plea.   

Conviction and punishment look certain.  

Moral of the story: If you're going to play these silly games, better do them in wishy-washy Europe.  Compared to our American cousins, penalties may be tougher but enforcement's a joke.  

On the other hand of course, if you want to carry bombs on board aircraft you'll also find that easier in wishy-washy Europe (which is what miscreants seemed to think when only BA and Air France aircraft in Europe were grounded over Christmas due to terrorist threats).  

Just don't mess with the guys in the cowboy boots.  

Back to Index

Weapons of Math Instruction

More on airport security ... 

By Guest-Bloggers Murat and Zeynap

At New York's Kennedy airport the other day, an individual later discovered to be a public school teacher was arrested trying to board a flight while in possession of a ruler, a protractor, a setsquare, a slide rule, and a calculator.

At a morning press conference, Attorney general John Ashcroft said he believes the man is a member of the notorious Al-Gebra movement.  He is being charged by the FBI with carrying weapons of math instruction.

Al-Gebra is a fearsome cult,” Ashcroft said.  They desire average solutions by means and extremes, and sometimes go off on tangents in a search of absolute value.  They use secret code names like ‘x’ and ‘y’ and refer to themselves as ‘unknowns’, but we have determined they belong to a common denominator of the axis of medieval with coordinates in every country”.                               

As the Greek philanderer Isosceles used to say, there are three sides to every triangle.” 

Taking time out from his War on Tourism, President Bush when asked to comment on the arrest said, “If God had wanted us to have better weapons of math instruction, He would have given us more fingers and toes. 

I am gratified that our government has given us a sine that it is intent on protracting us from these math-dogs who are willing to disintegrate us with calculus disregard.  Murky statisticians love to inflict plane on every sphere of influence,” the President said, adding: “Under the circumferences, we must differentiate their root, make our point, and draw the lineRest assured we will hunt down every foreign tourist.

President Bush warned, “These weapons of math instruction have the potential to decimal everything in their math on a scalene never before seen unless we become exponents of a Higher Power and begin to factor-in random facts of vertex.”

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, fresh from receiving his Foot-in-Mouth award from the Plain English Campaign commented, “As our Great Leader would say, read my ellipse.  Here is one principle he is uncertainty of.  Though they continue to multiply, their days are numbered as the hypotenuse tightens around their necks.”

Back to Index

Are You Happy?

Now that you've gone out and bought yourself that new car, are you happy?  How joyous are you really?  What are your strengths?  How satisfied are you with your work-life balance?  What about your positives and negatives?  

The answers to these and other aspects about your character are revealed in a series of simple questionnaires at a website called Authentic Happiness.  Try it.  It's quite clever.  You have to register, but it's free.

Back to Index

Quotes of the Week 

Quote: "Sheikh [Ahmed} Yassin [spiritual leader of Hamas] is marked for death, and he should hide himself deep underground where he won't know the difference between day and night"

Israel's Deputy Defence Minister Zeev Boim, 
on learning that the Sheikh personally blessed and ordered the
attack at the Erez crossing point between Israel and Gaza,
which was Hamas's first female suicide bombing

Refer to this week's leading story

__________________

Quote: “Some critics have said our duties in Iraq must be internationalized. This particular criticism is hard to explain to our partners in Britain, Australia, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, Italy, Spain, Poland, Denmark, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Romania, the Netherlands, Norway, El Salvador, and the 17 other countries that have committed troops to Iraq ... There is a difference however between leading a coalition of many nations, and submitting to the objections of a few ... America will never seek a permission slip to defend the security of our country.

President George W Bush in his 2004 State of the Union address,
r
eferring to calls from Democratic candidates
for US action in Iraq to be internationalised

Back to Index

SEE THE ARCHIVE and LINKS BARS AT TOP LEFT and RIGHT, FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE

ISSUE #64 - 18th January 2004 [121]

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40,000-Year Voyage from China to Polynesia

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Osama Still Not Alive

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Blogger of 2003

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Giant Python

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Unscientific Beer Mat

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Recovering from Christmas

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Quotes of the Week

40,000-Year Voyage from China to Polynesia

Last August I promised to explain how it was that the tiny native population of tiny Nauru, one of the Polynesian islands in the Pacific, is descended from native Taiwanese.  

In 1947, Thor Heyerdal, a Norwegian anthropologist and adventurer, undertook an epic voyage of 6,500 km in a flimsy, primitive raft made of balsa-wood and bamboo.  He and his five companions sailed and drifted westward from Callao, near Lima in Peru on the west coast of South America, to the Tuamotu Islands in Polynesia on the other side of the Pacific Ocean.  The purpose of his gruelling, hazardous 14-week voyage was to prove the feasibility of the theory that the Pacific islands were populated by people, ie Peruvian Indians, whose ancestors had made a similar trip a millennium earlier.  

In 1950, he wrote a hugely popular book about the experience, the Kon-Tiki Expedition, and the theory was widely accepted as fact.  He died in 2002 aged 87. 

The islanders themselves are somewhat oriental in appearance, as are the Peruvian Indians from whom they are supposedly descended.  And the latter look oriental because, so the complementary theory goes, the original Peruvians' forefathers had trekked up what is now the Eastern coast of China and Russia, across what was then a land-bridge linking Russia to Alaska (today's Bering Straits), and then down the West coast of the American continent till they reached Peru, and indeed continued further to Chile.  

And why then did they choose to sail across the Pacific?  Well, so the theory goes, they didn't choose, but that was the way the winds and currents flow, from West to East.  It was postulated, therefore, that over time fishing boats were inadvertently blown out to sea, and that those that did not sink ended up stranded on Pacific islands many thousands of kilometres away.  So were new settlements born in Polynesia.  Artifacts and flora in Polynesia link the area to both South America and Asia, providing further support for the two migration theories.  

Except that Thor Heyerdahl's theory of East-to-West migration is  balderdash.  

First, think about it.  

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Fishermen drifting out to sea and ending up in Tahiti or Nauru?  If it was accidental, then how come they had women, livestock and seeds on board that allowed them to establish a population and way of life, using these non-Polynesian resources?  Not many fishermen bring such items along on an average fishing trip.  

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Did they perhaps, then, migrate on purpose?  Again, inconceivable.  The nearest island, San Feliz, is a thousand kilometres off the South American coast and it's another two thousand to reach the edge of Polynesia.  A millennium ago, no Peruvian/Chilean would have known those islands were there, nor could have seen them.  So he would have been sailing away with his precious family on board into unknown blankness, with no means of returning home (because of those prevailing winds and currents) should something go wrong.   His wife would surely have had something to say about that!

But then there's recent scientific evidence that now proves beyond doubt that Polynesia was populated by immigrants not from the American West but from the Oriental East .  And, incidentally, that Orientals did indeed make a separate migration north, east and south, overland from China to Peru and Chile.  

Bryan Sykes is a geneticist in Oxford University who has made a study of mitochondrial DNA, or mDNA.  This is a tiny component of your DNA, which serves no known function, yet is passed down the female line of animals, mother to daughter, virtually unchanged.  Unlike the rest of DNA, which mutates regularly down the generations giving rise to Darwin's theory of evolution, natural mutations in mDNA are so rare that they can be used as a time-marker for blood-lines.  

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One mDNA mutation occurs only every 10,000 years, so for example three mutations means 30,000 years have passed.  

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Thus if two people have mDNA that is identical but for one difference, you know they are cousins descended from the same mother between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago.  

In the 1990s, Prof Sykes began collecting blood samples from native Polynesians, and to his astonishment concluded that regardless of which island they live on, they are all descended from only a handful of mothers.  This is extraordinary when you consider that the Polynesian islands occupy a box in the Pacific of about 5,000 km square.  Some incredible maritime feats must have been conducted for so few family lines to have spread so far.  

But he also analysed the mDNA of natives of New Guinea, Borneo, the Philippines, China, Taiwan, as well as of Peru and Chile, and compared this with the Polynesian mDNA.  This uncovered a clear lineage from Polynesia tracing back through the Western Pacific into Eastern China and Taiwan, a lineage that in at least one instance (a family line through New Guinea) was 40,000 years long.  

But when he searched for family lines linking Polynesians to native Peruvians and Chileans, none could be found.  Nevertheless, mDNA analysis of native populations along the postulated northern overland migration route did confirm that that's how Peru and Chile were first populated.   

These remarkable findings proved conclusively, for the first time, that today's native Polynesians are immigrants from East Asia, who arrived via a series of steps and stops at different islands, big and small, after a journey lasting in some cases 40,000 years.  

They did not come from South America.  Thor Heyerdahl was wrong.  

The remaining question is how did they do it, sailing into the wind into the unknown.  

The answer is through courage, skill, technology, navigation and luck.  One can only guess they were driven by economic necessity, or perhaps simply a desire for adventure.  And though many must have lost their lives in the attempt, we can at least be sure they did not migrate by accident, not when the prevailing winds were pushing them back to shore.  

The great advantage of sailing against the wind, is that if you have a problem, or simply lose heart, you still have a good chance of getting back home simply by riding the downwind.  Without this return ticket it seems most unlikely those canny womenfolk would have been persuaded to come aboard. 

The south-western rim of the Pacific contains a series of mountainous islands close enough to sail between on visuals, the largest being New Guinea.  This permitted those early mariners to navigate fairly safely eastward, one island at a time, as far as the Solomon Islands, over a period of some 40 millennia.  Archaeological evidence indicates, however, that they did not venture further east until perhaps only three thousand years ago.  

That is because the next island, Santa Cruz, was 300 km from the Solomons, far beyond the horizon, and the others further away still.  

The last series of voyages, therefore, had to wait until about 1000 BC by when boat technology and navigational skills had advanced sufficiently.  Then, over a period of some 2,000 years (as dated by archaeological artefacts), the rest of the Polynesian Islands were systematically colonised.  The migrants sailed in large, eminently seaworthy, double-hulled canoes up to ten metres long with a prow at each end.  This enabled the mariners to tack across the wind and reverse without the hazard of turning round in a high sea.  

They navigated by keeping a rising or setting star in the same position relative to the canoe, which would maintain a constant latitude.  But they also used other clues to detect an island over the horizon - 

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cloud formations that gather above distant mountains, 

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the flight direction of birds known to nest on land, 

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floating debris which would indicate there was land upwind and upcurrent, 

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the feelof the ocean swell as subtle reflections ripple back from some beach 150 kilometres away, a phenomenon that experienced seamen and anglers sense to this day.  

A continuing mystery, however, is how some of those migrants managed to turn right and sail southeastward, crossing lines of latitude, to find and settle in New Zealand.  We know they did, because the mDNA of the Maoris shows indubitably that they too are descended from the same group of mothers as the native Polynesians and those ancient coastal Chinese and (the even more ancient) Taiwanese.  

But it's all a fascinating story, a confluence of ancient derring-do with state-of-the-art forensic investigation.  One of the outcomes is that those Naurans are indeed descended from Taiwanese.  

But there is an aspect of the evidence of man's extreme longevity on this earth that always troubles me.  Why did it take Jesus Christ, the son of God, at least 40,000 years to come on earth and seek propitiation for man's sins?  Perhaps it means mankind has a further 40,000 years to go and Jesus therefore chose to arrive at the midpoint of his existence.  If not it suggests a certain, er, negligence with regard to the 1,000 to 2,000 generations of the human race that preceded the Christian era.  

Back to Index

Osama Still Not Alive

Once again, a speech on a scratchy audio tape has emerged on Al Jazeera TV, which purports to be Osama Bin Laden exhorting further jihad.  The speech must have been recorded only recently because it refers to Saddam's capture.  

But is it genuine?

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Our intelligence team has analyzed it to determine whether it is authentic or not, and they have determined that it is likely that the voice on the tape is bin Laden'ssays White House press secretary Scott McClellan.  

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Preliminary assessments says this is the voice of Osama bin Laden adds Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge.  

Technical experts, linguists and translators at the CIA and National Security Agency have compared the latest message to previous recordings of bin Laden and say they are as certain as they can be that it is genuine.  

But they present no evidence.  

I'm sorry, but I just don't buy this guff.  For reasons discussed earlier, he is either dead or so badly injured and disfigured he dare not show his face lest it demoralise his supporters and cheer up his enemies.  

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As for that tape, I'm sure there are plenty of Rory Bremners and other impersonators out there in the Al Qaeda world who are well able to replicate bin Laden's linguistics (speech patterns, accent, intonation etc).  

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As for science, voiceprint identification is the principal technology available, where spectrographs of voice recordings are compared, on the basis that no two people produce the same spectrographic curve.  Accuracy of less than 1% is claimed, which sounds low.  But it means that if you have, say, just a thousand volunteers you should be able to find a few duplicates that the machine cannot distinguish between.  By comparison, the accuracy of DNA measurement is so great that the chance of two people having the same measured DNA is in the hundreds of millions.  

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And why else is the latest audio tape, as were the previous ones, of such a scratchy quality, if not to make voice identification more difficult?

If Osama were alive and well, you can be sure he would be using the media to put out regular stirring and defiant messages - and making them believable.  That means, at the least, using good quality video that leaves viewers - friend and foe alike - in no doubt whatsoever about the identity of the speaker.  Imagine the effect that would have in encouraging his followers and depressing the West.  

But it's very hard to do from an unknown grave deep in the Afghan mountains.  </